Some very very old metal lathe chucks were made this way, but I agree with chipenter, it looks more like a wood lathe chuck. If you were very lucky you might be able to thread the back of the chuck for your lathe spindle nose, but every dimension would have to be exactly right, and you would spend a lots of time and bother doing it, and then end up with a marginal tool at best. The other thing I would be concerned about is safety, I wouldn't want to put my face in front of this thing anything above a crawl. I wouldn't trust it not to lose a part. I would get myself a proper lathe chuck and be done with it.